Abstract

Introduction: Whole-body vibration (WBV) therapy has emerged as a non-invasive modality for addressing musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis (OA), osteoporosis, and sarcopenia, which are prevalent in aging populations and contribute to reduced quality of life and increased healthcare burden. Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize recent evidence on WBV’s mechanistic effects and clinical outcomes in these conditions, with a deepened focus on publications from January 2020 to October 2025 to inform therapeutic protocols. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed for previous studies on WBV in OA, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia, prioritizing randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published exclusively between January 2020 and October 2025. Inclusion criteria selected human studies with WBV interventions (frequency 20–60 Hz, amplitude 2–4 mm, duration 8–24
weeks), excluding animal or cell studies. Results: The outcomes from the key studies indicate WBV may reduce pain and improve function in knee OA; increase bone mineral density (BMD) in specific populations; and boost muscle strength and performance in sarcopenia. Optimal parameters (e.g., 30–40 Hz, 360–720 s sessions) yield superior outcomes, though protocol variability persists. Conclusion: WBV offers promising adjunctive benefits for musculoskeletal health, warranting further RCTs to refine protocols, elucidate dose-response relationships, and assess long-term efficacy.